狂飙十年,美发江湖从「头」再来

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「姐,办张卡呗?」

过去10年,这句熟悉的问话,让许多消费者在踏入美发店前望而却步。

储值卡让美发业狂飙了十余年。10年前,北京房价是2万/平,一家中型美发店靠办卡月收入却能达到10万。业绩也超越技艺成为美发师的至高追求。然而,犹如达摩克利斯之剑,预付费模式带来60%的行业投诉率,行业信任感岌岌可危。甚至为美业开发储值卡系统「博卡」,并帮美业卖出一亿张卡的程序员吴新明,本人也因抗拒推销,剪发只在小区门口的小店解决。

这个快速膨胀的行业,如今已经在挣扎求变的边缘。数据显示,中国已有超过150万家美发店。而相比重销售的大型连锁,中国9成美发店是街边小店,这些店主都希望凭借自己的技艺、服务,过上更有尊严的生活。储值卡系统「博卡」,也开始了新一轮「纠偏」。




文|孙正图|受访者提供


狂飙

6月19日,江苏昆山一家五星级酒店承接了一年一度的美业灯塔峰会。

来自全国的美发师陆续抵达会场。他们烫着羊毛卷、半头染,纹着骷髅米的纹身,穿着波西米亚风的衣服,说着天南海北的方言,齐聚于此。


吴新明,这场聚会的主办者,也是全场装扮最格格不入的人。他穿着藏蓝色POLO衫、黑色直筒裤、皮凉鞋里套一双中筒纱线黑袜。

但全行业几乎没有人不知道他创办的博卡——国内美容、美发、美甲行业最大的管理软件及服务提供商。全国美发店每卖出10张储值卡,就有7张来自博卡开发的系统,2019年,这个系统的流水一度超过2000亿,比当年西藏的GDP还多300亿。

在30岁之前,吴新明和美发行业几无交集。从浙江大学材料系毕业后,他进入上海一家台资企业做软件开发,从普通职员一路做到软件研发主管。是美发师眼中典型的「山顶洞人」:几个月下山一次,头发剪短就完事。


2004年,职业空窗期间,他帮一个开美发店的朋友设计了一套会员管理软件,才发现这个行业实在太传统了,美发师记账还在用小本本,软件行业也没人关注过这一行,「都觉得剪头发的嘛,要什么软件?」

但吴新明看到了机会,他想试试开发这样一套系统,也许有市场,失败了也不要紧,大不了再回大公司打工。

开始很艰难。这个半路下海创业的程序员加前台企高管实在拉不下面子进店推销,就把上海所有美发店都踩点一遍,记下地址,再把产品介绍和联系方式用平信寄出,然后回家等电话。这样的广告信,他寄出了上万封。

一年后,吴新明感受到了时代的推背感,不是因为美发店都给他回了电话,而是储值卡的风口从中国台湾吹到了大陆。

大陆美发师恍然大悟:原本剪一次头发收几十,一天下来最多千把块流水;现在一天卖几张储值卡就可以进账几万。

这一商业模式,让这个小而分散、极难融资、迄今没出过一家上市公司的行业,突然拥有了融资能力,直接起飞,美发店老板也膨胀了:一条街上不停有新店开张,一家店开半年老板就能在当地买套房,门店装修越来越浮夸,花样也越来越多,「充值2000元打6折,充值5000元打骨折」。

美发师花在手艺上的时间越来越少,花在套路上的时间越来越多。每个从业者都从中看到了致富的可能。如果没有,那就是卖的卡还不够多。

当时,全国最大的美业连锁品牌永琪找吴新明定制可在全国通用的会员系统,博卡的软件业务也跟着原地起飞,并开始帮助美发店销售实体储值卡。2012年,全国引入储值卡的美发店,70%用的都是博卡开发的系统。

卡卖得越来越多,吴新明干脆给公司起名「博卡」:卖更多的卡。

但钱来得太快,放纵了人性的贪欲。当跑路的美发店越来越多,吴新明发现行业开始走偏了。

「几十万上百万进了股东的腰包,股东们开开心心分钱,但接着几个月,没人办卡,都是来消费的,股东拍拍屁股走人了,这笔负债落到老板头上,老板只能跑。」负面新闻频见报端:卡在,店没了;店在,名字换了;名字没换,老板没了……

美发业信誉一度成为投诉率最高的行业,没有之一。警察到博卡上门过好几次——美发店老板跑路,警方需要调取后台数据取证。

工具本身无罪,但变了味。这是吴新明在创业之初,没有想到过的局面。


反思

觉得不对劲的还有美发师。

只要让客人在半年内进店三次,这个时间发型师要么留住TA,要么失去TA。

发型师还是要老老实实做手艺人,而不是卖卡人。

当留住客人的是发型师,而不是储值卡,行业的美誉度和我们的尊严感才有可能提上来……

这些被数以千计的美发小店老板在笔记本上抄下的重点,出自程伟。他现在的身份是博卡咨询CEO。


加入美发行业19年的程伟,如今被人叫得更多的名字是,伟哥。刚入行时的程伟,每天都要喊口号晨跑,练习半跪着给客人递毛巾,他绝对想不到19年后的自己,还干着老本行,但老板换成了一个浙大毕业的软件开发工程师。他也从当年的练习生,变成了培训高管,但培训的主题已大不一样,叫「死磕满意度」。

程伟是典型的小镇青年,十几岁来到大城市,端过盘子,卖过服装,当过保安。他也是美业狂飙的受益者,凭着出众的口才,做了五年Tony就回河南老家开美发店了。短短三年,门店数发展到四家,「钱来得太快,觉得有钱就要扩张,其实一个小县城,哪需要四家美发店?」

成了老板的程伟,还在老家谈了一个护士女朋友,眼看就要谈婚论嫁时,婚事崩了。原因是对方家长不同意体制内的女儿嫁给一名美发师。

快速积累的财富最终敌不过根深蒂固的偏见。储值卡的负面效应也加深了这一刻板印象。「她们家觉得做这行的信不过,靠不住。」

也是在那两年,合伙人卷款跑路,留给他一群上门维权的客人。

财富积累瞬间回到原点,程伟一个人去西藏徒步了一个月。路上,他对每个主动停下车,问要不要载他一程的陌生人都充满警觉,总觉得是「套路」。事后回想,是因为自己身处一个充满「套路」的江湖,习惯性误解了善意。

程伟开始反思,美发行业本不应该成为一个江湖。毕竟,它解决了数以千万计的就业,让许许多多像他这样的小镇青年,能凭一门手艺安身立命。他希望从业者能重新被信任,活得有尊严。

「美发师的社会地位本来就不高,我们要帮他们一把,推动这个行业回到最初被人信任,凭本事吃饭的状态。」在2015年一个美业训练营上,吴新明的这句话一下子击中了程伟。


纠偏

「储值卡的出发点是好的,既帮美发店锁客,又帮客人省了钱。但规则设置有缺陷,它建立在双方充分信任且讲信用的假设之上,缺乏监督机制,一旦美发店跑路,它也不能兜底。」

让吴新明下定决心改变的还有外部环境的变化:消费缩水。在一线城市,韩式发型重新流行——它持久性好,做一次头发顶小半年。被称为「美发届包青天」的1818黄金眼发起的一个网络调查「你会购买美发店的储值卡吗」,近6成网友把票投给了「不办卡」。

谁有帮这个行业解决信任的能力?吴新明跑了半年,最终找到了支付宝。

袁黎明是支付宝小程序团队的产品经理。过去一年多,他们恰好在做一件与吴新明殊途同归的事情:寻找伙伴,推动服务业数字化的普及。

但磨合并没有那么顺利。

花了一年多时间,他们都没有找到合适的产品方案。无论是平台的流量方案还是监管储值账户,都被吴新明否决了。最终,支付宝芝麻信用已在酒店、健身行业落地的「先享后付」方案,让吴新明眼前一亮。

这个产品的逻辑是,芝麻信用达到一定分数的用户,通过小程序授权和美发店约定,接下来每个月都来剪发,不用办储值卡,也能享受优惠。并且是在每次服务结束后,才需要支付费用。如果不满意,可以随时取消。当然,如果用户中途解约,那么相应优惠也会扣除。背后支持的是支付宝的信任机制。

这个产品前后打磨了足足一年,袁黎明每周都会去一趟博卡,甚至在那里有了自己的工位。

在具体的产品细节上,支付宝的产品经理吸收了许多美发师的「一手洞察」:合约期以半年为主,这个时长足以让发型师完成「锁客」(美业术语,把散客变成长客)。对喜欢做烫染的客人,合约期可以放长到一年,这样可以减少他们「出轨」(美业黑话,中途换店之意)的几率……

杭州毛毛美发形象设计工作室,是为数不多坚持不卖卡的美发店,老板很爽快地接入了「先享后付」,并在今年六月底完成了第一笔交易,实现了从0到1。吴新明高兴得发了朋友圈。

但推动从1到100,还有很长的路要走。

最难突破的,是美发店的惯性。相比储值卡,「先享后付」的方式让美发店的短期现金流变慢了,期间发型师的收入提成也少了。

此外,目前接受「先享后付」的客人,大多数购买的是理发的半年三次卡,带来的流量对那些重点服务烫染客人的中高端门店来说,反而是个负担。我们在无锡一家专做男士美发的连锁店里,就听到了老板的抱怨:一下子涌入了好多来预约剪发的新客人,影响了发型师服务做烫染的A类客人的时间。「这种模式对客人是非常友好,但对我们却不那么友好,也没什么必要。」

但吴新明仍然坚信,这是目前储值卡模式最好的补充。尤其对开在小区门口,社区街边的小店最友好。这些小店绝大多数是夫妻店,老公剪发,老婆收银,以接理发需求的散客为主,每天早十晚十一,没周末,没时间陪娃。

如果能通过数字化工具帮他们带来短期稳定的客人,他们会有更多动力和精力去提升手艺和服务,把这些客人变成长期稳定的客人,从而形成一个正向循环。有了信任的背书,这些小店的面貌和品牌连锁店并没什么差异。

「要知道,像这样的街边小美发店在全国有150多万家,占了整个行业90%的比重。他们活得好了,整个行业才会好。」

博卡目前的客户量已经达到10万,覆盖了国内70%已接入数字化的门店。深耕行业20年的吴新明相信这是潮水的方向。「从长远来看,当一个缺乏信用的行业获得信任,它带来的变化,是质变而不是量变。」


信任

今年的「灯塔」峰会已是第5届。相比于疫情期间的低迷,吴新明明显感觉到,行业的心气正在回归。回归的还有作为手艺人的骄傲。

会上,大家讨论最热烈的话题,就是手艺。一位研究系设计师在腰间别着全套行头和一位女客人上了台,现场展示如何在五分钟内,凭一把剪刀让姑娘的发量变多,头颅变高,脸型变小。台下掌声不断,还有年轻的美发师边看边喃喃自语:这是无痕切口,这叫圆形无限连接……


「他们展现出一种气场和态度,做手艺人是件很酷的事情,手艺人没有必要去『舔』。」吴新明说。

今年上台的「灯塔」们,分享的重点除了收益,还有怎么做好数字化运营。

在手臂、小腿上纹满龙猫、神奇宝贝、飞天小女警的成成,曾是在网吧一住就是半个月的网瘾少年,现在,还有几个月满30岁的他已经是名年入50万的资深发型师。他的演讲充满了互联网腔调:如何将短视频运营成「私域引流」的工具。


女发型师Grace强烈推荐大家充分利用在线预约功能,从以前的「朝九晚十被动等客」变为「主动邀约及管理提醒」。现在的她过得很从容:每天上午10点到下午4点,只做烫染;下午4点到傍晚6点30分,只做纯剪设计。六点半后,雷打不动回家陪娃。

烫了一头羊毛卷的伟杰,和爱人在温州开了一间夫妻美发店。他上台说,通过「先享后付」半年卡和小项目卡,他们慢慢把客单价翻了一倍,做烫染等项目的比例,也从13%提高到了81%。说到底,数字化工具带来了客人,作为发型师还得「凭真本事把客人留下来」。

全场的高潮,是程伟上台,提议大家一起朗诵几位「灯塔」关于如何「凭真本事把客人留下来」的总结。

上百位发型师齐刷刷站起来,大声诵读——

无论老客新客,是我动过手的,都是我的作品,这个作品代表了我的名誉,我的手艺能力。

符合我作品风格的客户,哪怕你不出钱处理刘海,我也要免费帮你做出来。

我的作品不但可以减轻你的打理压力,还能为你的形象加分,时间越久,你越能感受到我的用心。

我信仰平时好看才是发型师的价值。我信仰我作为发型师的尊严。

……

吴新明也站在台下,跟着一起大声朗读。尽管困难重重,但他认为新尝试已经开启了序幕,且方向不可逆。「被人信任、受人尊重的感觉很好。这会让更多人相信,无论什么时候,凭本事始终是正道。从而一起推动这个行业回到最初的状态:本分有信用,凭手艺吃饭,活得有尊严。」

文章为作者独立观点,不代表BOSS直聘立场。未经账号授权,禁止随意转载。